(From the Mailbag)
This was a response on a discussion list to someone who took issue with some books on the subject of evolution that were recommended for their edification. Their words in reply will be in dark red font.
On 2/14/07, XXXXX XXXXXXX wrote:
My friend, I have read these and several other books on evolution. After much research from both sides of this debate I'm afraid I must personally conclude that the theory of evolution is just that - a theory. It is not based on scientific evidence but on speculation and wishful thinking and the part of atheistic scientists.
XXXXX, as I have told many people over the years (including not a few incautious "apologist" sorts), a theory is not a will-o-wisp conjecture. It is instead at the apex of rational inquiry and a solid point of reference for intellectual exposition. Art is correct that your statements show you lack a proper understanding of science or any training which would presume to lend any authority to your opinions provided that the latter were advanced and sustained by rational argumentation. I would like to take the occasion of your note to remind people of the building blocks of rational thought. The first is a thesis which I have defined as follows:
Thesis: An abstract principle or proposition to be advanced and maintained by argument.
A thesis is essentially a position that you assert before it has been substantiated by argument. Scientists who advance theses on evolution and people of your outlook who make statements against it are both on the same playing field. Where it differs is in the realm of the hypothesis. The latter is defined as follows:
Hypothesis: An explanation of a subject, circumstance, or event which is advanced on tentative grounds by a proposed thesis or series of theses and is open to further examination or being potentially disproved before it reaches the stature of a viable theory.
A hypothesis in other words is a thesis or a coordinative series of theses which are set forth in explanatory form for examination, testing, etc. for potential flaws which could invalidate it. Among the flaws in potentia (but by no means the only ones) are errors of fact, errors in logic, formal contradiction, etc. If a hypothesis withstands this kind of scrutiny and remains intact, it can validly be considered a theory. A theory is therefore defined as follows:
Theory: A set of non-contradictory abstract ideas (or as philosophers like to call them, principles) which purports to give either a correct description of reality or a guideline for successful action.
A theory in other words is a solid point of reference and is not to be dismissed as a mere whim. And that evolution is past the point of a hypothesis has been recognized by major church leaders in recent years including the late pontiff John Paul II.
When Pope John Paul II said in a 1996 Allocution to the Pontifical Academy of the Sciences that evolution was "more than a mere hypothesis", he was by logical extension referring to it as a theory properly understood. To wit:
Taking into account the scientific research of the era, and also the proper requirements of theology, the encyclical Humani Generis treated the doctrine of "evolutionism" as a serious hypothesis, worthy of investigation and serious study, alongside the opposite hypothesis. Pius XII added two methodological conditions for this study: one could not adopt this opinion as if it were a certain and demonstrable doctrine, and one could not totally set aside the teaching Revelation on the relevant questions. He also set out the conditions on which this opinion would be compatible with the Christian faith—a point to which I shall return.
Today, more than a half-century after the appearance of that encyclical, some new findings lead us toward the recognition of evolution as more than an hypothesis. * In fact it is remarkable that this theory has had progressively greater influence on the spirit of researchers, following a series of discoveries in different scholarly disciplines. The convergence in the results of these independent studies—which was neither planned nor sought—constitutes in itself a significant argument in favor of the theory.
What is the significance of a theory such as this one? To open this question is to enter into the field of epistemology. A theory is a meta-scientific elaboration, which is distinct from, but in harmony with, the results of observation. With the help of such a theory a group of data and independent facts can be related to one another and interpreted in one comprehensive explanation. The theory proves its validity by the measure to which it can be verified. It is constantly being tested against the facts; when it can no longer explain these facts, it shows its limits and its lack of usefulness, and it must be revised.
Moreover, the elaboration of a theory such as that of evolution, while obedient to the need for consistency with the observed data, must also involve importing some ideas from the philosophy of nature.
And to tell the truth, rather than speaking about the theory of evolution, it is more accurate to speak of the theories of evolution. The use of the plural is required here—in part because of the diversity of explanations regarding the mechanism of evolution, and in part because of the diversity of philosophies involved. There are materialist and reductionist theories, as well as spiritualist theories. Here the final judgment is within the competence of philosophy and, beyond that, of theology. [LINK]He defines "theory" a bit differently than I do but the gist of it is the same: a theory is validated by study, research, testing, etc. and stands as long as the arguments advanced to sustain it do. There is also the issue of multiple theories on the matter which the pontiff noted above and they are not devoid of scientific evidence as you claim XXXXX. In fact, they are quite well supported by scientific findings in not a few ways because a theory of a scientific nature requires for viability to have consistency with the data observed.{1}
Whether we like it or not the "pseudo-scientific drivel from the so-called "scientific" Creationists" (your words) has a much more robust foundation to the dribble of so many scientist seeking to make a name for themselves by trying to prove something unscientific - Evolution. Why are so many afraid to admit that God spoke and it came to being?
Art is right about this XXXXX, the so-called "Creationist" drivel has so many errors in fact, analysis, and internal contradiction to it that it does not pass muster as a viable theory. And part of the reason for this is that the Creationists themselves do not provide any way for their theses to be rationally disproved. The reason is because they base all of it on their own interpretation of the Bible which they do not even bother to substantiate the viability of. Instead, they claim it and then play cut and paste with the scientific data to try and make it fit their preconceived reading rather than accepting the evidences for what they are and adjusting their interpretation of the text accordingly.
I would suggest that you be a lot more cautious in your attempts to dismiss the theories of evolution and a lot less blindly accepting of the contradictory, factually-challenged pseudo "science" of the Creationist crowd. We are not fundamentalists XXXXX and do not accept the Bible as a science text. That is important to remember also though persons such as DDDDDDDD tend to forget that far too frequently.
{1} Theories not of a scientific nature but instead of the abstract notion of principles which purport to give a correct description of reality (or a guideline for successful action) have a similar requirement to be consistent with the known facts on which it is constructed.